advertising
-
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/basic.htm#international. Accessed May 26. ,2009. .
-
2
World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS. Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids/en/. Accessed May 26. ,2009. .
-
3
Selwyn PA, Arnold R: From fate to tragedy: the changing meanings of life, death, and AIDS. .Ann Intern Med 129::899. ,1998. .
-
4
US Department of Health and Human Services AIDS infoguidelines. Available at: http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/Guidelines. Accessed May 26. ,2009. .
-
5
Barbosa P: Plantar verrucae and HIV infection. .Clin Podiatr Med Surg 15::317. ,1998. .
-
6
Fields B, Knipe D: “Papillomaviruses,” in Fields Virology, 2nd Ed, p 1651, Raven Press, New York. ,1990. .
-
7
Brooks G, Butel J, Ornston L: “Human Cancer Viruses,” in Jawetz, Melnick, and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology, 22nd Ed, p 511, Appleton & Lange, Norfolk, CT. ,2001. .
-
8
Bunney M, Benton C, Cubie H: “HPV: Virology, Identification, and Typing,” in Viral Warts: Biology and Treatment, 2nd Ed, p 6, Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford. ,1992. .
-
9
Jenkin W: “Management of Viral Infections of the Skin and Nail,” in Surgery Lecture Manual, p 14, California College of Podiatric Medicine, San Francisco. ,1994. .
-
10
Viac J, Chomel J, Chardonnet Y, et al: Incidence of antibodies to human papillomavirus type 1 in patients with cutaneous and mucosal papillomas. .J Med Virol 32::18. ,1990. .
-
11
Soltani SK, Kenyon E, Barbosa P: Chronic and aggressive plantar verrucae in a patient with HIV. .JAPMA 86::555. ,1996. .
-
12
Meberg R, Kenyon E, Bierman R, et al: Characterization of plantar verrucae among individuals with human immunodeficiency virus. .JAPMA 88::442. ,1998. .
-
13
Kenyon E, Loveland L, Kilpatrick R, et al: Epidemiology of plantar verrucae in HIV-infected individuals [letter]. .J AIDS Hum Retrovirol 16., 1998. .
-
14
Conant MA: Immunomodulatory therapy in the management of viral infections in patients with HIV infection. .J Am Acad Dermatol 40::S27. ,2000. .
-
15
Spach DH, Colven R: Resolution of recalcitrant hand warts in an HIV-infected patient treated with potent antiretroviral therapy. .J Am Acad Dermatol 40::818. ,1999. .
-
16
Minkoff H, Ahdieh L, Massad LS, et al: The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cervical cytologic changes associated with oncogenic HPV among HIV-infected women. .AIDS 15::2157. ,2001. .
-
17
Cameron JE, Mercante D, O’Brien M, et al: The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy and immunodeficiency on human papillomavirus infection of the oral cavity of human immunodeficiency virus–seropositive adults. .Sex Transm Dis 32::703. ,2005. .
-
18
Davis MD, Gostout BS, McGovern RM, et al: Large plantar wart caused by human papillomavirus-66 and resolution by topical cidofovir therapy. .J Am Acad Dermatol 43::340. ,2000. .
-
19
Whitaker JM, Palefsky JM, Da Costa M, et al: Human papilloma virus type 69 identified in a clinically aggressive plantar verruca from an HIV-positive patient. .JAPMA 99::8. ,2009. .
-
20
Whitaker JM, Gaggero GL, Loveland L, et al: Plantar verrucae in patients with human immunodeficiency virus: clinical presentation and treatment response. .JAPMA 91::79. ,2001. .
Prevalence of Plantar Verrucae in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection During the Post–Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era
Search for other papers by James Johnston in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Christy M. King in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sky Shanks in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Saieh Khademi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joseph Nelson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jenny Yu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Peter Barbosa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Background: Since the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the life expectancy of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has significantly increased. This is likely to cause changes in podiatric medical manifestations, such as plantar verrucae, in this population.
Methods: Attendees at a San Francisco street fair in 2008 provided information about HIV status and the presence of verrucae via a survey. A total of 504 surveys were analyzed and compared with 1995 data, before HAART implementation. We examined if there was a statistically significant change in the increased likelihood of plantar verrucae in HIV-positive patients from 1995 to 2008. Then we examined the likelihood of HIV-positive patients (compared to HIV-negative patients) presenting with plantar verrucae in 2008, by using logistic regression, and controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.
Results: Patients with HIV infection were 5.2 times more likely to present with plantar verrucae compared to patients without HIV infection in 2008 (95% confidence interval, 2.5–11.0, P < .0001) and 10.0 times more likely in 1995 (95% confidence interval, 3.4–29.0, P < .0001). This decrease in likelihood over time was not statistically significantly different (P = .33). Logistic regression analysis controlling for the covariates of age, race, and sex showed that patients with HIV in 2008 were 4.5 times more likely to present with verrucae compared to patients without HIV (95% confidence interval, 2.1–9.9, P = .0002).
Conclusions: Patients with HIV infection in 2008 are still significantly more likely to present with plantar verrucae after controlling for age, race, and sex. This increased likelihood has not changed significantly across time. Because HAART has increased the life expectancy of patients with HIV, this group of patients with plantar verrucae will continue to represent a significant population in the practice of podiatric medicine. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 101(1): 35–40, 2011)
advertising
