advertising
-
1
Janssen I, Leblanc AG: Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 7: 40, 2010.
-
2
Sothern MS, Loftin M, Suskind RM, et al: The health benefits of physical activity in children and adolescents: implications for chronic disease prevention. Eur J Pediatr 158: 271, 1999.
-
3
Fehily AM, Coles RJ, Evans WD, et al: Factors affecting bone density in young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 56: 579, 1992.
-
4
Loprinzi PD, Cardinal BJ, Loprinzi KL, et al: Benefits and environmental determinants of physical activity in children and adolescents. Obes Facts 5: 597, 2012.
-
5
Froholdt A, Olsen OE, Bahr R: Low risk of injuries among children playing organized soccer: a prospective cohort study. Am J Sports Med 37: 1155, 2009.
-
6
Bizzini M, Dvorak J: FIFA 11+: an effective programme to prevent soccer injuries in various player groups worldwide: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 49: 577, 2015.
-
7
Bastos FN, Vanderlei FM, Vanderlei LC, et al: Investigation of characteristics and risk factors of sports injuries in young soccer players: a retrospective study. Int Arch Med 6: 14, 2013.
-
8
Walters BS, Wolf M, Hanson C, et al: Soccer injuries in children requiring trauma center admission. J Emerg Med 46: 650, 2014.
-
9
Faude O, Rößler R, Junge A: Soccer injuries in children and adolescent players: are there clues for prevention? Sports Med 43: 819, 2013.
-
10
Schneider AS, Mayer HM, Geißler U, et al: Injuries in male and female adolescent soccer players [in German]. Sportverletz Sportschaden 27: 34, 2013.
-
11
Cheema JI, Grissom LE, Harcke HT: Radiographic characteristics of lower-extremity bowing in children. Radiographics 23: 871, 2003.
-
12
Størvold GV, Aarethun K, Bratberg GH: Age for onset of walking and prewalking strategies. Early Hum Dev 89: 655, 2013.
-
13
Arazi M, Oğün TC, Memik R: Normal development of the tibiofemoral angle in children: a clinical study of 590 normal subjects from 3 to 17 years of age. J Pediatr Orthop 21: 264, 2001.
-
14
Greene WB: Genu varum and genu valgum in children. Instr Course Lect 43: 151, 1994.
-
15
Espandar R, Mortazavi SM, Baghdadi T: Angular deformities of the lower limb in children. Asian J Sports Med 1: 46, 2010.
-
16
Asadi K, Mirbolook A, Heidarzadeh A, et al: Association of soccer and genu varum in adolescents. Trauma Mon 20: e17184, 2015.
-
17
Thijs Y, Bellemans J, Rombaut L, et al: Is high-impact sports participation associated with bowlegs in adolescent boys? Med Sci Sports Exerc 44: 993, 2012.
-
18
Cooney AD, Kazi Z, Caplan N, et al: The relationship between quadriceps angle and tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance in patients with patellar instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20: 2399, 2012.
-
19
Bayraktar B, Yucesir I, Ozturk A, et al: Change of quadriceps angle values with age and activity. Saudi Med J 25: 756, 2004.
-
20
Sendur OF, Gurer G, Yildirim T, et al: Relationship of Q angle and joint hypermobility and Q angle values in different positions. Clin Rheumatol 3: 304, 2006.
-
21
Luque-Suarez A, Gijon-Nogueron G, Barón-Lopez FJ, et al: Effects of kinesio-taping on foot posture in participants with pronated foot. Physiotherapy 100: 36, 2014.
-
22
Redmond AC, Crane YZ, Menz HB: Normative values for the Foot Posture Index. J Foot Ankle Res 1: 6, 2008.
-
23
Keenan AM, Redmond AC, Horton M, et al: The Foot Posture Index: Rasch analysis of a novel, foot-specific outcome measure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88: 88, 2007.
-
24
Cornwall MW, McPoil TG, Lebec M, et al: Reliability of the modified Foot Posture Index. JAPMA 98: 7, 2008.
-
25
Sanchez HM, Sanchez EG, Baraúna MA, et al: Evaluation of Q angle in different static postures. Acta Ortop Bras 22: 325, 2014.
-
26
Kirby KA: Subtalar joint axis location and rotational equilibrium theory of foot function. JAPMA 91: 465, 2001.
-
27
Thomson CE: An investigation into the reliability of the valgus index and its validity as a clinical measurement. Foot 4: 191, 1994.
-
28
Staheli L: “El Pie,” in Staheli Ortopedia Pediátrica, 1st Ed, p 89, Marban, Madrid, 2003.
-
29
Cain LE, Nicholson LL, Adams RD, et al: Foot morphology and foot/ankle injury in indoor football. J Sci Med Sport 10: 311, 2007.
-
30
Ortqvist M, Moström EB, Roos EM, et al: Reliability and reference values of two clinical measurements of dynamic and static knee position in healthy children. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19: 2060, 2011.
Structural Changes in the Lower Extremities in Boys Aged 7 to 12 Years Who Engage in Moderate Physical Activity
An Observational Longitudinal Study
Search for other papers by Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Salvador Diaz-Miguel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Eva Lopezosa-Reca in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jose Antonio Cervera-Marin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Background:
Physical activity in children may provide health benefits. We sought to consider the practice of soccer as a possible major factor in the development of the lower limb. The study is based on 3-year data for a group of children who practice this sport.
Methods:
For 3 years we monitored 53 children who practiced soccer 3 times a week and had engaged in 2 years of continuous sports activity. Their mean ± SD age was 8.49 ± 2.01 years in the first year. Each year, Foot Posture Index, valgus index, subtalar joint axis, and Q angle for the knee were analyzed.
Results:
The mean ± SD Foot Posture Index scores ranged from 5.38 ± 1.79 in the right foot and 4.49 ± 1.67 in the left foot in the first year to 4.64 ± 2.51 and 4.34 ± 2.26, respectively, in the third year. The valgus index for the same period ranged from 14.05° ± 1.51° (right) and 13.88° ± 1.46° (left) to 13.09° ± 1.28° and 13.07° ± 1.07°, respectively. In the knee, the Q angle ranged from 12.83° ± 1.98° (right) and 12.74° ± 1.68° (left) to 13.17° ± 1.45° and 13.26° ± 1.46°, respectively. In the subtalar joint, the changes were 37.73% right and 30.19% left between the first and third years toward a neutral subtalar joint axis.
Conclusions:
These results show that although playing soccer might cause structural changes in the lower limb, these alterations should not be considered harmful because they may be influenced by age as well.
advertising
