Advertisement
-
1
Samojla B. “Normal Anatomy of the Forefoot,” in Hallux Valgus & Forefoot Surgery, p 7, Vincent J. Hetherington, Independence, MO, 2000.
-
2
Barrôco R. Nery C. Favero G. et al: Evaluation of metatarsal relationships in the biomechanics of 332 normal feet using the method of measuring relative lengths. Rev Bras Ortop 46: 431, 2011.
-
3
Domínguez-Maldonado G. Munuera-Martinez P. Castillo-López J. et al: Normal values of metatarsal parabola arch in male and female feet. Sci World J 2014: 1, 2014.
-
4
Draves D. “Osteology and Arthrology of the Foot,” in Anatomy of the Lower Extremity, p 118, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1986.
-
5
Vogler HW. Bojsen-Møller F. Tarsal functions, movement, and stabilization mechanisms in foot, ankle, and leg performance. JAPMA 90: 112, 2000.
-
6
Maestro M. Besse J. Ragusa M. et al: Forefoot morphotype study and planning method for forefoot osteotomy. Foot Ankle Clin 8: 695, 2003.
-
7
Domínguez G. Munuera P. Lafuente G. Relative metatarsal protrusion in the adult. JAPMA 96: 238, 2006.
-
8
Thomas JL. Blitch EL. Chaney DM. et al: Diagnosis and treatment of forefoot disorders. J Foot Ankle Surg 48: 239, 2009.
-
9
Chauhan D. Bhutta MA. Barrie JL. Does it matter how we measure metatarsal length? Foot Ankle Surg 17: 124, 2011.
-
10
Grady J. Trotter K. Ruff J. et al: Radiographic investigation of the absolute and relative first metatarsal lengths in the asymptomatic foot. JAPMA 105: 478, 2015.
-
11
Bhutta MA. Chauhan D. Zubairy AI. et al: Second metatarsophalangeal joint instability and second metatarsal length association depends on the method of measurement. Foot Ankle Int 31: 486, 2010.
-
12
Barouk LS. “The Weil Lesser Metatarsal Osteotomy,” in Forefoot Reconstruction, p 117, Springer Science & Business Media, Paris, 2006.
-
13
Arie EK. Moreira NS. Freire GS. et al: Study of the metatarsal formula in patient with primary metatarsalgia. Rev Bras Ortop 50: 438, 2015.
-
14
Zirm R. “The Weil Lesser Metatarsal Osteotomy,” in McGlamry's Comprehensive Textbook of Foot and Ankle Surgery, p 224, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2013.
-
15
Magnan B. Bragantini A. Regis D. et al: Metatarsal lengthening by callotasis during the growth phase. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77: 602, 1995.
-
16
Nakagawa S. Kukushi J. Nakagawa T. et al: Association of metatarsalgia after hallux valgus correction with relative first metatarsal length. Foot Ankle Int 37: 582, 2016.
-
17
Sanner WH. “Foot Segmental Relationships and Bone Morphology,” in Foot and Ankle Radiology, edited by RA Christman, p 283, Elsevier Science, St. Louis, 2003.
A Cadaveric Study of Metatarsal Length and Its Function in the Metatarsal Formula and Forefoot Pathology
Background:
The metatarsal parabola or formula is an important principle in assessing normal foot structure and pathology. To understand what effect the positions of the distal ends of the metatarsals have on foot function, the relative length of each metatarsal must be considered. The purpose of this study was to investigate what the normal metatarsal formula is and compare these findings with previous research.
Methods:
Measurements of metatarsal lengths were taken from 20 feet of five male and five female cadavers. The mean lengths were used to identify each donor's metatarsal formula.
Results:
On average, the most common formula presented was in the order of metatarsals II>III>IV>V>I.
Conclusions:
These findings differ from historic measurements and raise questions regarding which metatarsal formula is considered normal. Further investigation is needed to standardize a more reliable method of measuring metatarsal lengths for evaluating foot biomechanics and planning forefoot surgeries.
