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- Background
- Methods
- Results
- Conclusions
- Objectives of the Study
- Discussion
- Jack's Test
- Position of the First Ray and Its Mobility: Diagnostic Test
- STJ Axis Location
- STJ Neutral Position: Diagnostic Test
- Forefoot to Rearfoot Relationship in the Frontal Plane: Diagnostic Test
- AJ ROM Detection and Lunge Test: Diagnostic Test Validated
- First Metatarsophalangeal Joint ROM Detection: Diagnostic Test
- BMA and TFA detection
- NCSP and RCSP: Diagnostic Tests
- FPI-6: Validated Diagnostic Test
- Navicular Drop and Drift Test
- Passive Supination Resistance Test
- Maximum Active Pronation Test
- MLAA: Diagnostic Test
- AHI: Diagnostic Test
- Heel Rise Test: Diagnostic Test
- Pedobarograph/Force Plate Gait Analysis
- Gait Analysis
- Foot Mobility Magnitude Test: Diagnostic Test
- Other Tests Classified as Not Diagnostic
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
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A Narrative Review on the Tests Used in Biomechanical Functional Assessment of the Foot and Leg: Diagnostic Tests of Deformities and Compensations
Background
To date, scientific literature has not as yet come up with any review showing the diagnostic tests used for functional assessment of the foot and leg.
Methods
A literature review was conducted of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PEDro, DOAJ, BioMed Central, PLOS, and Centre for Reviews and Dissemination at the University of York) up to December 8, 2018. The biomechanical tests, which have adequate supportive literature, were divided into qualitative tests that provide a dichotomy/trichotomy-type answer to clinical diagnostic questions; semiquantitative tests that provide numerical data to clinical diagnostic questions; and quantitative tests that record continuous numerical data (in analogue or digital form).
Results
These tests produce a useful functional evaluation model of the foot and leg for different purposes: evaluation of lower limb deficits or abnormalities in healthy patients and in athletes (in sports or other physical activities); assessment of tissue stress syndromes caused by pathomechanics; evaluation of lower limb deficits or abnormalities in rheumatic disease and diabetic foot patients; and to determine the appropriate functional or semifunctional foot orthotic therapy and therapeutic path used in gait rehabilitation.
Conclusions
Many of these tests have adequate diagnostic reliability and reproducibility and therefore can be considered diagnostic. Few of these are validated, and some have initiated the validation process by determining their sensitivity and specificity. The widespread use of these tools in clinical practice (diagnosis of function) lacks scientific evidence and in-depth analysis of their limitations.
Podos Logo Italia Sri, Centre for Study and Research, Italy.
