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- Pediatric Flat Feet: A 2020 Guide for Clinicians to Identify the Boomerangs
- Does Flatfoot Affect Function?
- When Is Treatment Necessary?
- Beyond Symptoms: Functional Limitations
- Documented Changes in the Asymptomatic
- Boomerang Limitations
- On Referrals
- Guidelines on Who to Treat
- Gait Assessment
- On Treatment Guidelines
- Conclusions
- References
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Lin CJ, Lai KA, Kuan TS, et al: Correlating factors and clinical significance of flexible flatfoot in preschool children. J Pediatr Orthop 21: 378, 2001.
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Hosl M, Bohm H, Multerer C, et al: Does excessive flatfoot deformity affect function? A comparison between symptomatic and asymptomatic flatfeet using the Oxford Foot Model. Gait Posture 39: 23, 2014.
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Kothari A, Dixon PC, Stebbins J, et al: Are flexible flat feet associated with proximal joint problems in children? Gait Posture 45: 204, 2016.
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Kothari A, Stebbins J, Zavatsky AB, et al: Health-related quality of life in children with flexible flatfeet: a cross-sectional study. J Child Orthop 8: 489, 2014.
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Pfeiffer M, Kotz R, Ledl T, et al: Prevalence of flat foot in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics 118: 634, 2006.
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Benedetti MG, Ceccarelli F, Berti L, et al: Diagnosis of flexible flatfoot in children: a systematic clinical approach. Orthopedics 34: 94, 2011.
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Kim HY, Shin HS, Ko JH, et al: Gait analysis of symptomatic flatfoot in children: an observational study. Clin Orthop Surg 9: 363, 2017.
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Tashiro Y, Fukumoto T, Uritani D, et al: Children with flat feet have weaker toe grip strength than those having a normal arch. J Phys Ther Sci 27: 3533, 2015.
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Kerr CM, Stebbins J, Theologis T, et al: Static postural differences between neutral and flat feet in children with and without symptoms. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 30: 314, 2015.
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Yan GS, Yang Z, Lu M, et al: Relationship between symptoms and weight-bearing radiographic parameters of idiopathic flexible flatfoot in children. Chin Med J (Engl) 126: 2029, 2013.
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Carli A, Saran N, Kruijt J, et al: Physiological referrals for paediatric musculoskeletal complaints: a costly problem that needs to be addressed. Paediatr Child Health 17: 93, 2012.
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Evans AM, Nicholson H, Zakarias N: The paediatric flat foot proforma (p-FFP): improved and abridged following a reproducibility study. J Foot Ankle Res 2: 25, 2009.
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Evans AM: The flat-footed child—to treat or not to treat: what is the clinician to do? JAPMA 98: 386, 2008.
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Cho Y, Park JW, Nam K: The relationship between foot posture index and resting calcaneal stance position in elementary school students. Gait Posture 74: 142, 2019.
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Evans AM: Mitigating clinician and community concerns about children’s flatfeet, intoeing gait, knock knees or bow legs. J Paediatr Child Health 53: 1050, 2017.
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Singh A, Kuman A, Kumar S, et al: Analysis of ankle alignment abnormalities as a risk factor for pediatric flexible flat foot. Int J Med Update 5: 25, 2010.
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Dars S, Uden H, Banwell HA, et al: The effectiveness of non-surgical intervention (foot orthoses) for paediatric flexible pes planus: a systematic review: Update. PLoS One 13: e0193060, 2018.
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Hannan MT: Keynote address at the Sixth International Foot and Ankle Biomechanics Congress, New York, New York, April 8–11, 2018.
