advertising
-
1
Standring S, Gray H: Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40th Ed, Churchill-Livingstone, New York, 2009.
-
2
Roche AF: The sites of elongation of human metacarpals and metatarsals. Acta Anat 61: 193, 1965.
-
3
Pyle I, Sontag LW: Variability in onset of ossification in epiphyses and short bones of the extremities. Am J Roentgenol 49: 795, 1943.
-
4
Holden D, Siff S, Butler J, et al.: Shortening of the first metatarsal as a complication of metatarsal osteotomies. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66: 582, 1984.
-
5
Gardner E, Gray DJ, O'Rahilly R: The prenatal development of the skeleton and joints of the human foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am 41: 847, 1959.
-
6
Anderson M, Blais MM, Green WT: Lengths of the growing foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am 38: 998, 1956.
-
7
Anderson M, Green WT: Lengths of the femur and the tibia; norms derived from orthoroentgenograms of children from 5 years of age until epiphysial closure. Am J Dis Child 75: 279, 1948.
-
8
Anderson M, Blais M, Green WT: Growth of the normal foot during childhood and adolescence; length of the foot and interrelations of foot, stature, and lower extremity as seen in serial records of children between 1–18 years of age. Am J Phys Anthropol 14: 287, 1956.
-
9
Muñoz-Neira MJ, Martínez-Parra AS, Ruiz-Adarme CG, et al.: Design of a pattern recognition system in thermographic and footprint images for flatfoot identification in children between five and six years old [in Spanish]. Rev Cient 36: 313, 2019.
-
10
Lamm BM, Paley D, Kurland DB, et al.: Multiplier method for predicting adult foot length. J Pediatr Orthop 26: 444, 2006.
-
11
McGraw MA, Mehlman CT, Lindsell CJ, et al.: Postnatal growth of the clavicle: birth to eighteen years of age. J Pediatr Orthop 29: 937, 2009.
-
12
Parikh SN, Weesner M, Welge J: Postnatal growth of the calcaneus does not simulate growth of the foot. J Pediatr Orthop 32: 93, 2012.
-
13
Argimón Pallás JM, Jiménez Villa J: Métodos de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Elsevier, Madrid, 2014.
-
14
Al-Nakhli H, Petrofsky JS, Laymon MS, et al.: The use of thermal infra-red imaging to detect delayed onset muscle soreness. J Vis Exp 59: 3551, 2012.
-
15
Lee J-Y, Wakabayashi H, Wijayanto T, et al.: Differences in rectal temperatures measured at depths of 4-19 cm from the anal sphincter during exercise and rest. Eur J Appl Physiol 109: 73, 2010.
-
16
Zaproudina N, Ming Z, Hänninen OP: Plantar infrared thermography measurements and low back pain intensity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 29: 219, 2006.
-
17
Armstrong DG, Lavery L, Todd WF: Infrared dermal thermometry for the high-risk diabetic foot. Phys Ther 77: 169, 1997.
-
18
Garagiola U, Giani E: Use of telethermography in the management of sports injuries. Sports Med 10: 267, 1990.
-
19
Nishide K, Nagase T, Oba M, et al.: Ultrasonographic and thermographic screening for latent inflammation in diabetic foot callus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 85: 304, 2009.
-
20
Ring EF: The historical development of thermometry and thermal imaging in medicine. J Med Eng Technol 30: 192, 2006.
-
21
Ammer K, Ring F: “Standard Procedures for Infrared Imaging in Medicine,” in Medical Infrared Imaging: Principles and Practice, ed by M Diakides, JD Bronzino, DR Peterson, p 32.1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2012.
-
22
Sun PC, Jao S-H, Cheng C-K: Assessing foot temperature using infrared thermography. Foot Ankle Int 26: 847, 2005.
-
23
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Medical Electrical Equipment: Deployment, Implementation and Operational Guidelines for Identifying Febrile Humans Using a Screening Thermograph, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
-
24
Morrison SF: “Regulation of Body Temperature,” in Medical Physiology, 3rd Ed, ed by WF Boron, EL Boulpaep, Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2017.
-
25
Viladot A: “Concepto histórico del pie,” in Biomecánica, Medicina y Cirugía del pie, ed by M Nuñez-Samper, LF Llanos, Masson, Barcelona, 2007.
-
26
Moscoso-Prieto JC, Mesa-Alcocer MA: Pie doloroso infantil: posibilidades de una osteocondrosis. Rev Andal Med Deporte 8: 2015.
-
27
Santos L: Köhler disease: an infrequent or underdiagnosed cause of child's limping? Acta Reumatol Port 40: 304, 2015.
-
28
García JIP, Sánchez AB: Colaboraciones especiales: el pie plano; las recomendaciones del traumatólogo infantil al pediatra. Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria 13: 113, 2011.
-
29
Petrofsky JS, Lohman E, Suh HJ, et al.: The effect of aging on conductive heat exchange in the skin at two environmental temperatures. Med Sci Monit 12: CR400, 2006.
-
30
Kenney WL, Armstrong CG: Reflex peripheral vasoconstriction is diminished in older men. J Appl Physiol 80: 512, 1996.
-
31
Redmond AC, Crane YZ, Menz HB: Normative values for the Foot Posture Index. J Foot Ankle Res 1: 6, 2008.
-
32
Luggen M, Belhorn L, Evans T, et al.: The evolution of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a longterm prospective study. J Rheumatol 22: 2226, 1995.
-
33
Garagiola U, Giani E: Use of telethermography in the management of sports injuries. Sports Med 10: 267, 1990.
-
34
Schaefer M, Black S, Scheuer L: Juvenile Osteology: A Laboratory and Field Manual, Elsevier, San Diego, 2009. Available at: http://www.academia.dk/BiologiskAntropologi/Osteologi/PDF/Juvenile_Osteology.pdf.
-
35
Tachdjian M: Pediatric Orthopedics, 2nd Ed, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1990.
-
36
Becerro de Bengoa R, Gómez-Martin B: Escafoides accesorio. Rev Esp Pod 8: 128, 2004.
Infrared Clinical Thermography: Normal Foot Growth Parameters
Search for other papers by Paula Cobos Moreno in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Alvaro Astasio Picado in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Rodrigo Martínez Quintana in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Beatriz Gómez Martin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Background: Clinical thermography is a relatively novel technique in wide use in different medical fields because of its versatility and ease of application. It inflicts no pain and entails no contact with the pediatric patient, which assuages anxiety and fear in patients when undergoing diagnostic exploration. The use of infrared clinical thermography being suggested herein is to establish normality patterns, which have not been described in the relevant literature. These patterns may be extrapolated to pathologic study by means of future research lines.
Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study (descriptive in nature) was performed with a sample population of 328 children divided into two age groups: 6 to 7 years and 13 to 16 years, all of them schooled in the province of Cáceres in Spain. The variables analyzed herein were age, sex, and temperature. A thermographic camera was used to study foot temperature.
Results: Results show that the temperature varies among the different study areas established for the foot, although they remain constant bilaterally. In addition, the highest temperature was found in the area of the first metatarsal head (29.8°C), and the lowest at the heel (28.8°C).
Conclusions: It can be concluded that both feet have the same thermal behavior despite the variation in temperature among the different areas that were established in the foot for the purposes of this study.
advertising
