advertising
-
1
Swensson O, Langbein L, McMillan JR, et al: Specialized keratin expression pattern in human ridged skin as an adaptation to high physical stress. Br J Dermatol 139: 767, 1998.
-
2
Elwell R: The management and treatment of hyperkeratosis. Nurse Prescribing 15 (suppl 10): 4, 2017.
-
3
Spink MJ, Menz HB, Lord SR: Distribution and correlates of plantar hyperkeratotic lesions in older people. J Foot Ankle Res 2: 1, 2009.
-
4
Kim SH, Kim S, Choi HI, et al: Callus formation is associated with hyperproliferation and incomplete differentiation of keratinocytes, and increased expression of adhesion molecules. Br J Dermatol 163: 495, 2010.
-
5
Hashmi F, Nester C, Wright C, et al: Characterising the biophysical properties of normal and hyperkeratotic foot skin. J Foot Ankle Res 8: 1, 2015.
-
6
Misery L: Nicotine effects on skin: are they positive or negative? Exp Dermatol 13: 665, 2004.
-
7
Al Aboud AM, Yarrarapu S: “Corns,” in StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL, 2020.
-
8
Mukhopadhyay AK: Foot that hurts: a brief note on the history of corns and calluses. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 87: 885, 2021.
-
9
Bevans JS, Bosson G: A comparison of electrosurgery and sharp debridement in the treatment of chronic neurovascular, neurofibrous and hard corns. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Foot 20: 12, 2010.
-
10
Freeman DB: Corns and calluses resulting from mechanical hyperkeratosis. Am Fam Physician 65: 2277, 2002.
-
11
Durlacher L: A Treatise on Corns, Bunions, the Diseases of Nails, and the General Management of the Feet, p 24, Lea & Blanchard, Philadelphia, 1845.
-
12
Swanson MJM: “The Skin,” in Textbook of Chiropody, p 22, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1948.
-
13
Montgomery RM: Painful cutaneous lesions of the feet. S Med J 63: 615, 1970.
-
14
Lemont H: Histologic differentiation of mechanical and non-mechanical keratoses of the sole. Clin Dermatol 1: 44, 1983.
-
15
Bonavilla EJ: Histopathology of the heloma durum: some significant features and their implications. JAPMA 58: 423, 1968.
-
16
Singh D, Bentley G, Trevino SG: Fortnightly review: callosities, corns, and calluses. BMJ 312: 1403, 1996.
-
17
Menz HB, Lord SR: Foot pain impairs balance and functional ability in community-dwelling older people. JAPMA 91: 222, 2001.
-
18
Booth J, Mclnnes A: The aetiology and management of plantar callus formation. J Wound Care 6: 427, 1997.
-
19
Potter J, Potter MJ: Effect of callus removal on peak plantar pressures. Foot 10: 23, 2000.
-
20
Affleck AG, Colver G: “Skin Biopsy Techniques,” in Surgery of the Skin: Procedural Dermatology, 3rd Ed, p 165, edited by Robinson JK, Hanke CW, Siegel DM, et al, Elsevier/Saunders, New York, 2015.
-
21
Colver G: Outcomes of Skin Surgery: A Concise Visual Aid, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2008.
-
22
Davis K, Drey N, Gould D: What are scoping studies? A review of the nursing literature. Int J Nursing Stud 46: 1386, 2009.
-
23
Arksey H, O’Malley L: Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 8: 19, 2005.
-
24
Peters MD, Godfrey CM, Khalil H, et al: Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Implement 13: 141, 2015.
-
25
Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK: Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci 5: 69, 2010.
-
26
Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, et al: “Scoping Reviews,” in JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, edited by E Aromataris, Z Munn, JBI, Adelaide, Australia, 2020.
-
27
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al: PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169: 467, 2018.
-
28
Mann RA, Mann JA: Keratotic disorders of the plantar skin. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85: 938, 2003.
-
29
Schofield J: “Skin Lesions,” in Brown’s Skin and Minor Surgery: A Text & Colour Atlas, 5th Ed, edited by Botting J, Schofield J, p 109, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014.
-
30
Lopez FM, Kilmartin TE: Corn cutting in the 21st century. Pod Now 10: 25, 2016.
-
32
Gibbard KW, Kilmartin TE. The Weil osteotomy for the treatment of painful plantar keratoses. Foot 13: 199, 2003.
-
33
Kuwada GT, Dockery GL, Schuberth JM: The resistant, painful, plantar lesion: a surgical approach. J Foot Surg 22: 29, 1983.
-
34
Saipoor A, Maher A, Hogg L: A retrospective audit of lesion excision and rotation skin flap for the treatment of intractable plantar keratosis. Foot 34: 23, 2018.
-
35
Baruch K: Blunt dissection for the treatment of plantar verrucae. Cutis 46: 145, 1990.
-
36
Caccavale S, Iocco A, Pieretti G, et al: Curettage+ microneedling+ topical ALA-PDT for the treatment of acral resistant warts: our experience. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 27: 276, 2019.
-
37
Dalimunthe DA, Siregar R, Tanjung C: Comparative clinical efficacy between electrodesiccation with curettage and application of 80% phenol solution in treatment of common warts. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 6: 326, 2018.
-
38
Davidson MR, Schuler BS: Skin curette and the treatment of plantar verruca. J Am Podiatr Assoc 66: 331, 1976.
-
39
Mayoral II: Plantar papilloma: a surgical approach. Treballs Finals de Grau (TFG)-Podiatry. 2017. Available at: http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/114343/1/114343.pdfn. Accessed March 14, 2022.
-
40
Prazak G, Thomas DE: Curettage treatment of plantar warts. AMA Arch Dermatol 71: 122, 1955.
-
41
Spitzer E: Curettage treatment of plantar warts. AMA Dermatol 71: 360, 1955.
-
42
Yoho RM, Mandracchia VJ: Plantar warts: excochleation technique. Hosp Med 34: 52, 1998.
-
43
Anderson JM, Burrow JG: A small-scale study to determine the clinical effectiveness of electrosurgery in the treatment of chronic helomata (corns). Foot 11: 189, 2001.
-
44
Huang K, Zhao S, Li J, et al: “Application of Surgical Curettage Combined with Photodynamic in Refractory Plantar Wart,” in 17th International Photodynamic Association World Congress, Vol 11070, p 7, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2019.
-
45
Smith TJ, Morrison DC: A study into the use of electrosurgery for the treatment of vascular and neurovascular corns. Chiropodist 41: 164, 1986.
-
46
Smith TJ, Morrison DC: Further developments in the use of electrosurgery for the treatment of heloma durum. Chiropodist 45: 67, 1990.
-
47
Whinfield AL, Forster MS: Effect of electrodesiccation on pain intensity associated with chronic heloma durum. Foot 7: 224, 1997.
-
48
Wilkinson AN, Kilmartin TE: A study into the long term effectiveness of electrosurgery for the treatment of corns. Br J Podiatr 11: 138, 1998.
-
49
Bouché RT, Christensen JC, Hale DS: Unilobed and bilobed skin flaps. Detailed surgical technique for plantar lesions. JAPMA 85: 41, 1995.
-
50
Carmona FJ, Huerta JP, Toledo JH: Plantar epidermoid inclusion cyst as a possible cause of intractable plantar keratosis lesions. JAPMA 99: 148, 2009.
-
51
Dockery GL: Single-lobe rotation flaps. JAPMA 85: 36, 1995.
-
52
Dorkar PS, Chandorkar SS, Gaidole R: To study and analyze various methods for treatment of plantar corn. Indian J Appl Res 5: 866, 2015.
-
53
Güngör S, Bahçetepe N, Topal I: Removal of corns by punch incision: a retrospective analysis of 15 patients. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 80: 41, 2014.
-
54
Kuwada GT: Plantar incisional approaches. Current perspectives. JAPMA 85: 15, 1995.
-
55
Pontious J, Lane GD, Moritz JC, et al: Lesser metatarsal V-osteotomy for chronic intractable plantar keratosis. Retrospective analysis of 40 procedures. JAPMA 88: 323, 1998.
-
56
Richardson EG, Brotzman SB, Graves SC: The plantar incision for procedures involving the forefoot. An evaluation of one hundred and fifty incisions in one hundred and fifteen patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75: 726, 1993.
-
57
Sacchidanand S, Mallikarjuna M, Purohit V, et al: Surgical enucleation of corn: a novel technique. J Cutan Aesthetic Surg 5: 52, 2012.
-
58
Satterfield VK, Jolly GP A new method of excision of painful plantar forefoot lesions using a rotation advancement flap. J Foot Ankle Surg 33: 129, 1994.
-
59
Wang CY, Chang CK, Chou CY, et al: Successful treatment of plantar hyperkeratosis in the form of recurrent corns with split-thickness sole skin graft. Ann Plast Surg 80 (suppl): S55, 2018.
Surgical Excision of Intractable Plantar Keratoses (Corns) of the Foot: A Scoping Review
Search for other papers by Ian N. Reilly in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Belinda Longhurst in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tracey C. Vlahovic in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Background: Hyperkeratosis is a hypertrophic thickening of the skin. A callus (tyloma) is considered diffuse thickening, whereas a corn—also known as a clavus, heloma durum, or intractable plantar hyperkeratosis (IPK)—is a more focal, circumscribed hyperkeratotic lesion with a central conical core of keratin. Treatment (including surgical excision) of plantar keratoses is often sought because of pain and discomfort. The aim of this study was to collect and chart data regarding the surgical excision of plantar corns. The emerging themes were then mapped so that suggestions for areas of future research could be made.
Methods: A scoping review of the literature was performed using the six-stage methodologic framework (minus stage 6) proposed by Arksey and O’Malley incorporating the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews reporting guideline. A database search by means of the United Kingdom National Health Service Care Advanced Database Search yielded 1,056 articles, 12 of which appeared to be of potential relevance. After removing five duplicate articles, this total was reduced to seven, which were retrieved as full texts. Three were excluded. Thirteen further articles were found through Google Scholar and reference lists from the full texts retrieved to give 17 articles for review. One was discounted as not being in English/irrelevant; and one article did not relate to IPK excision, leaving 15 articles for data extraction.
Results: Iterative charting of the included articles yielded overlapping codes and two main themes. The first theme was closure: by primary intention (with or without a skin flap) or by secondary intention. The second theme was whether excision was performed in combination with IPK excision with other (bony) surgery.
Conclusions: There is modest evidence that excision of the lesion with either primary closure or healing by means of secondary intention can be useful for the management of IPKs. A further consideration is an emerging hypothesis that many of these IPKs are viral in origin, rather than mechanical, which implies that prospective studies are required with cross-reference to lesion excision by anatomical site and histopathologic confirmation of the diagnosis.
advertising
