Lazarus GS, Cooper DM, Knighton DR, et al: Definitions and guidelines for assessment of wounds and evaluation of healing. .Arch Dermatol 130::489. ,1994. .
The Wound Product Sourcebook 2001, 3rd Ed, Kestrel Health Information, Williston, VT, 2001..
2000 Ostomy Wound Management Buyers Guide. .Ostomy Wound Manage 46::5. ,2001. .
Mulder GD, Haberor PA, Jeter KF (eds): Clinician’s Pocket Guide to Chronic Wound Repair. Wound Care Communications Network, Springhouse Corp, Springhouse, PA, 1998..
Thomas S: Update: a guide to dressing selection. .J Wound Care 6::479. ,1997. .
Steed DL: Clinical evaluation of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor for the treatment of lower extremity diabetic ulcers: Diabetic Ulcer Study Group. .J Vasc Surg 21::71. ,1995. .
Sihl N: Diabetes and wound healing. .J Wound Care 7::47. ,1998. .
Pecoraro R, Ahroni JH, Boyko EJ, et al: Chronology and determination of tissue repair in diabetic lower-extremity ulcers. .Diabetes 40::1305. ,1991. .
Robson MC, Hill DP, Smith PD, et al: Sequential cytokine therapy for pressure ulcers: clinical and mechanistic response. .Ann Surg 231::600. ,2000. .
Bello Y, Phillips TJ: Predictors of wound healing. .J Clin Dermatol 2::39. ,1999. .
Vande Berg JS, Rudolph R, Hollan C, et al: Fibroblast senescence in pressure ulcers. .Wound Repair Regen 6::38. ,1998. .
Mendez MV, Raffetto JD, Phillips T, et al: The proliferative capacity of neonatal skin fibroblasts is reduced after exposure to venous ulcer wound fluid: a potential mechanism for senescence in venous ulcers. .J Vasc Surg 30::734. ,1999. .
Vande Berg JS, Smith PD, Munson AB, et al: Influence of single and sequential cytokine therapy on the cell cycle of pressure ulcer fibroblasts. Wound Rep Regen, in press..
Vande Berg JS, Smith PD, Haywood-Reid PL, et al: Dynamic forces in the cell cycle affecting fibroblasts in pressure ulcers. .Wound Repair Regen 9::19. ,2001. .
Nwomeh BC, Liang HX, Diegelmann RF, et al: MMP-8 is the predominant collagenase in healing wounds and nonhealing ulcers. .J Surg Res 81::189. ,1999. .
Nwomeh BC, Liang HX, Diegelmann RF, et al: Dynamics of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-8 in acute open human dermal wounds. .Wound Repair Regen 6::127. ,1998. .
Woessner JF, Jr: The family of matrix metalloproteinases. .Ann N Y Acad Sci 732::11. ,1994. .
Agren MS: Gelatinase activity during wound healing. .Br J Dermatol 131::634. ,1994. .
Tarnuzzer RW, Schultz GS: Biochemical analysis of acute and chronic wound environments. .Wound Rep Regen 4::321. ,1996. .
Mast BA, Schultz GS: Interactions of cytokines, growth factors, and proteases in acute and chronic wounds. .Wound Rep Regen 4::411. ,1996. .
A prolonged inflammatory response may adversely affect wound closure. Delayed wound closure and extended exposure to chronic wound fluid may also affect cellular activity in a wound bed and result in cellular senescence. Prolonged inflammation and cellular senescence may adversely affect the efficacy of topically-applied biological agents, including growth factors. Appropriate wound bed preparation and debridement are necessary to improve clinical outcomes of new technologies.(J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(1): 34-37, 2002)