Deyn PP, D’Hooge R: Animal models of focal epilepsy. .Acta Neurol Belg 99::222. ,1999. .
Askenasy JJ, Streifler M, Carasso R: Moderate nonketotic hyperglycemia: a cause of focal epilepsy. Report of two cases and review of literature. .Eur Neurol 16::51. ,1977. .
Bennett J, Plum F (eds): Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th Ed, p 2114, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996..
Whiting S, Camfield P, Arab D, et al: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus presenting in children as frequent, medically unresponsive, partial seizures. .J Child Neurol 12::178. ,1997. .
Morres CA, Dire DJ: Movement disorders as a manifestation of nonketotic hyperglycemia. .J Emerg Med 7::359. ,1989. .
Hennis A, Corbin D, Fraser H: Focal seizures and non-ketotic hyperglycemia. .J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55::195. ,1992. .
Tierney LM, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA (eds): Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment, 36th Ed, p 1102, Appleton & Lange, New York, 1997..
Matz R: Management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. .Am Fam Physician 60::1468. ,1999. .
Venna N, Sabin TD: Tonic fecal seizures in nonketotic hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus. .Arch Neurol 38::512. ,1981. .
Focal epileptic seizures can be the first manifestation of a diabetic disorder. Metabolic disturbances, including hyperglycemia, mild hyperosmolality, hyponatremia, and lack of ketoacidosis contribute to the development of partial focal seizures. A review of the medical literature for partial focal seizures is presented, followed by a case study of a patient who developed clonic seizures of the right foot secondary to hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, and hyperosmolality. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(2): 109-111, 2002)