Laporta G, Melillo T, Olinsky D: X-ray evaluation of hallux abducto valgus deformity. .JAPA 64::544. ,1974. .
Steel MW, Johnson KA, DeWitz MA, et al: Radiographic measurements of the normal adult foot. .Foot Ankle 1::151. ,1980. .
Richardson EG, Graves SC, McClure JT, et al: First metatarsal head-shaft angle: a method of determination. .Foot Ankle 14::181. ,1993. .
Evans RDL, Lile LN: Proximal articular set angle: radiographic versus intraoperative measurement. .JAPMA 90::199. ,2000. .
Amarnek DL, Mollica A, Jacobs AM, et al: A statistical analysis on the reliability of the proximal articular set angle. .J Foot Surg 25::39. ,1986. .
Vittetoe DA, Saltzman CL, Kreig JC, et al: Validity and reliability of the distal metatarsal articular angle. .Foot Ankle Int 15::541. ,1994. .
Palladino SJ, Towfigh A: Intra-evaluator variability in the measurement of proximal articular set angle. .J Foot Surg 31::120. ,1992. .
Fox HR, Firshein DB: Variation in practitioner-measured x-ray angles in hallux abductovalgus evaluation. .J Foot Surg 28::33. ,1989. .
Phillips D: “Biomechanics,” in Hallux Valgus and Forefoot Surgery, ed by VJ Hetherington, p 39, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1994..
Gould N, Schneider W, Ashikaga T: Epidemiological survey of foot problems in the continental United States 1978-1979. .Foot Ankle 1::8. ,1980. .
A study of radiographs from 50 males and 50 females was undertaken to determine whether a relationship existed between the proximal articular set angle and the hallux abductus angle. Gender differences in the relationship were also investigated. The normal range for the proximal articular set angle was –2.6° to 8.6°, with a mean of 5°. There was no significant difference in the mean values between males and females. A positive linear correlation between the proximal articular set angle and hallux abducto valgus deformity was found (R2 = 0.52), suggesting that an increased lateral tilt of the metatarsal head is one of the factors that lead to hallux abducto valgus deformity. The relationship between proximal articular set angle and hallux abducto valgus deformity was similar in males and females and did not account for the increased hallux deformity seen in females. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(6): 331-335, 2002)