Sanders LJ, Frykberg RG. Charcot’s joint. In: Levin ME, O’Neal LW, Bowker JH, eds. The diabetic foot. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, 1993..
Armstrong DG, Lavery LA. Acute Charcot’s arthropathy of the foot and ankle. .Phys Ther 1998. ;78::74.–80.
Armstrong DG, Todd WF, Lavery LA, Harkless LB. The natural history of acute Charcot’s arthropathy in a diabetic foot specialty clinic. .Diabetic Med 1997. ;14::357.–63.
Sanders LJ, Frykberg RG. The Charcot foot. In: Frykberg, RG, ed. The high risk foot in diabetes mellitus. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1991; 325–35..
Sinha S, Munichoodapa CS, Kozak GP. Neuroarthropathy (Charcot joints) in diabetes mellitus. .Medicine 1972. ;51::191.–210.
Fabrin J, Larsen K, Holstein PE. Long-term follow-up in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onset. .Diabetes Care 2000. ;23(6)::796.–800.
Charcot JM. Sur quelques arthropathies qui paraissent dépendre d’une lésion du cerveau ou de la moelle épinière. .Arch Physiol Norm Path 1868. ;1::161.–71.
Kelly M. William Musgrave’s De arthritide symptomatica (1703): his description of neuropathic arthritis. .Bull Hist Med 1963. ;37::372.–6.
Jordan WR. Neuritic manifestations in diabetes mellitus. .Arch Intern Med 1936. ;57::307.–12.
Eloesser L. On the nature of neuropathic affections of the joint. .Ann Surg 1917. ;66::201.–6.
Finsterbush A, Friedman B. The effect of sensory denervation on rabbits’ knee joints. .J Bone Jt Surg 1975. ;57A::949.–57.
Armstrong DG, Lavery LA. Elevated peak plantar pressures in patients who have Charcot arthropathy. .J Bone Jt Surg Am 1998. ;80(3)::365.–9.
Brower AC, Allman RM. The neuropathic joint: a neurovascular bone disorder. .Radiol Clin North Am 1981. ;19(4)::571.–9.
Brower AC, Allman RM. Pathogenesis of the neurotrophic joint: neurotraumatic vs. neurovascular. .Radiology 1981. ;139::349.–54.
Edmonds ME. The neuropathic foot in diabetes. Part 1: blood flow. .Diabetic Med 1986. ;3::111.–5.
Edmonds ME, Clarke MB, Newton JB et al. Increased uptake of radiopharmaceutical in diabetic neuropathy. .Q J Med 1985. ;57::843.–55.
Edelson GW, Jensen JL, Kaczynski R. Identifying acute Charcot arthropathy through urinary crosslinked N-telopeptides. .Diabetes 1996. ;45 (suppl 2)::108A..
Gough A, Abraha H, Li F et al. Measurement of markers of osteoclast activity in patients with acute and chronic diabetic Charcot arthropathy. .Diabetic Med 1997. ;14(7)::527.–31.
Selby PL, Young MJ, Boulton AJ. Bisphosphonates: a new treatment for diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy. ?Diabetic Med 1994. ;11(1)::28.–31.
Young MJ, Marshall A, Adams JE et al. Osteopenia, neurological dysfunction, and the development of Charcot neuroarthropathy. .Diabetes Care 1995. ;18(1)::34.–8.
Banks AS, McGlamry ED. Charcot foot. .J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1989. ;79::213.–7.
Cofield RH, Morrison MJ, Beabout JW. Diabetic neuroarthropathy in the foot: patient characteristics and patterns of radiographic change. .Foot Ankle 1983. ;4::15.–22.
Jeffcoate W, Lima J, Nobrega L. The Charcot foot. .Diabetic Med 2000. ;17(4)::253.–8.
Eichenholz SN. Charcot joints. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1966..
Sella EJ, Barrette C. Staging of Charcot neuroarthropathy along the medial column of the foot in the diabetic patient. .J Foot Ankle Surg 1999. ;38(1)::34.–40.
Sanders LJ, Mrdjencovich D. Anatomical patterns of bone and joint destruction in neuropathic diabetics. .Diabetes 1991. ;40 (suppl 1)::529A..
Harris JR, Brand PW. Patterns of disintegration of the tarsus in the anesthetic foot. .J Bone Jt Surg 1966. ;48B(1)::4.–16.
McGill M, Molyneaux L, Bolton T et al. Response of Charcot’s arthropathy to contact casting: assessment by quantitative techniques. .Diabetologia 2000. ;43(4)::481.–4.
Armstrong DG, Lavery LA. Monitoring healing of acute Charcot’s arthropathy with infrared dermal thermometry. .J Rehabil Res Dev 1997. ;34::317.–21.
Horwitz T. Bone and cartilage debris in the synovial membrane. Its significance in the early diagnosis of neuroarthropathy. .J Bone Jt Surg 1948. ;30A::579.–88.
Grayson ML, Balaugh K, Levin E, Karchmer AW. Probing to bone in infected pedal ulcers. A clinical sign of underlying osteomyelitis in diabetic patients. .J Am Med Assoc 1995. ;273(9)::721.–3.
Caputo GM. Infection: investigation and management. In: Boulton AJM, Connor H, Cavanagh PR, eds. The foot in diabetes. 2nd ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, 1994..
Kominsky SJ. The ambulatory total contact cast. In: Frykberg, RG, ed. The high risk foot in diabetes mellitus. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1991; 449–55..
Chantelau E, Schnable T. Palliative radiotherapy for acute osteoarthropathy of diabetic feet: a preliminary study. .Pract Diabetes Int 1997. ;14::154.–7.
Jude EB, Page S, Donohoe M et al. Pamidronate in diabetic Charcot arthropathy: a randomised placebo controlled trial. .Diabetes 2000. ;49 (suppl 1)::A32..