Armstrong DG, Lavery LA: Elevated peak plantar pressures in patients who have Charcot arthropathy. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 80::365. ,1998. .
Schon LC, Easley ME, Weinfield SB: Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. .Clin Orthop 349::116. ,1998. .
Boninger ML, Leonard JA: Use of bivalved ankle-foot orthosis in neuropathic foot and ankle lesions. .J Rehab Res Dev 33::16. ,1996. .
Morgan JM, Biehl WC III, Wagner FW: Management of neuropathic arthropathy with the Charcot Restraint Orthotic Walker. .Clin Orthop 296::58. ,1993. .
Pinzur MS, Sage R, Stuck R, et al: A treatment algorithm for the neuropathic (Charcot) midfoot deformity. .Foot Ankle 14::189. ,1993. .
Bono JV, Roger DJ, Jacobs RL: Surgical arthrodesis of the neuropathic foot: a salvage procedure. .Clin Orthop 296::14. ,1993. .
Catanzariti AR, Blitch EL, Karlock LG: Elective foot and ankle surgery in the diabetic patient. .J Foot Ankle Surg 34::23. ,1995. .
Chao EY, Aro HT, Lewallen DG, et al: The effect of rigidity on fracture healing in external fixation. .Clin Orthop 241::24. ,1989. .
Aro HT, Chao EYS: Fracture union mechanisms under external fixation. Paper presented at the Third Riva Congress, May 10–14, 2000, Riva del Garda, Italy..
Kuiper JE, Richardson JB, Ashton BA: The effect of fracture site movement on callus formation and stiffness restoration: a computer simulation. Paper presented at the Third Riva Congress, May 10–14, 2000, Riva del Garda, Italy..
Early JS, Hansen ST: Surgical reconstruction of the diabetic foot: a salvage approach for midfoot collapse. .Foot Ankle Int 17::325. ,1996. .
Simon SR, Tejwani SG, Wilson DL, et al: Arthrodesis as an early alternative to nonoperative management of Charcot arthropathy of the diabetic foot. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 82::939. ,2000. .
Tisdel CL, Marcus RE, Heiple KG: Triple arthrodesis for diabetic peritalar neuroarthropathy. .Foot Ankle Int 16::332. ,1995. .
Prokuski LJ, Saltzman CL: External fixation for the treatment of Charcot arthropathy of the ankle: a case report. .Foot Ankle Int 19::336. ,1998. .
Fleischli JE, Anderson RB, Davis WH: Dorsiflexion metatarsal osteotomy for treatment of recalcitrant diabetic neuropathic ulcers. .Foot Ankle Int 20::80. ,1999. .
Pinzur MS, Kelikian A: Charcot ankle fusion with a retrograde locked intramedullary nail. .Foot Ankle Int 18::699. ,1997. .
Sticha RS, Frascone ST, Wertheimer SJ: Major athrodeses in patients with neuropathic arthropathy. .J Foot Ankle Surg 35::560. ,1996. .
Deresh GM, Cohen M: Reconstruction of the diabetic Charcot foot incorporating bone grafts. .J Foot Ankle Surg 35::474. ,1996. .
Johnson JE: Operative treatment of neuropathic arthropathy of the foot and ankle. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 80::1700. ,1998. .
Blotter RH, Connolly E, Wasan A, et al: Acute complications in the operative treatment of isolated ankle fractures in patients with diabetes mellitus. .Foot Ankle Int 20::687. ,1999. .
Myerson MS, Henderson MR, Saxby T, et al: Management of midfoot diabetic neuroarthropathy. .Foot Ankle Int 15::233. ,1994. .
Holmes GB, Hill N: Fractures and dislocations of the foot and ankle in diabetics associated with Charcot joint changes. .Foot Ankle Int 15::182. ,1994. .
Sisk TD: External fixation: historic review, advantages, disadvantages, complications, and indications. .Clin Orthop 180::15. ,1983. .
De Bastiani G, Apley AG, Goldberg A: Orthofix External Fixation in Trauma and Orthopedics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000..
Shibata T, Tada K, Hashizume C: The results of arthrodesis of the ankle for leprotic neuroarthropathy. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 72::749. ,1990. .
Sella EJ, Barrette C: Staging of Charcot neuroarthropathy along the medial column of the foot in the diabetic patient. .J Foot Ankle Surg 38::34. ,1999. .
Myerson MS, Henderson MR, Saxby T, et al: Management of midfoot diabetic neuropathy. .Foot Ankle Int 15::233. ,1994. .
Harris JR, Brand PW: Patterns of disintegration of the tarsus in the anaesthetic foot. .J Bone Joint Surg Br 48::4. ,1966. .
Wolf DS, Raczka EK, Shevlin AM: Charcot’s joint in a juvenile-onset diabetic: a case report. .JAPA 67::200. ,1977. .
Newman JH: Non-infective diseases of the diabetic foot. .J Bone Joint Surg Br 63::593. ,1981. .
Grady JF, O’Connor KJ, Axe TM, et al: Use of electrostimulation in the treatment of diabetic neuroarthropathy. .JAPMA 90::287. ,2000. .
Moroni A, Faldini C, Giannini S: Pin loosening and infection are no longer a challenge with HA-coated external fixation pins. Paper presented at the Third Riva Congress, May 10–14, 2000, Riva del Garda, Italy..
Faldini C, Moroni A, Marchetti S, et al: Hydroxyapatite-coated tapered external fixation pins are better fixed. Paper presented at the Third Riva Congress, May 10–14, 2000, Riva del Garda, Italy..
LoGerfo FW, Coffman JD: Vascular and microvascular disease of the foot in diabetes. .N Engl J Med 311::1615. ,1984. .
LoGerfo FW, Gibbons GW: Vascular disease of the lower extremities in diabetes mellitus. .Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 25::439. ,1996. .
Akbari CM, LoGerfo FW: Diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. .J Vasc Surg 30::373. ,1999. .
Carter SA: Elective foot surgery in limbs with arterial disease. .Clin Orthop 289::228. ,1993. .
Papa J, Myerson M, Girard P: Salvage, with arthrodesis, in intractable diabetic neuropathic arthropathy of the foot and ankle. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 75::1056. ,1993. .
Banks AS, McGlamry ED: Charcot foot. .JAPMA 79::213. ,1989. .
External fixation was used to reduce or arrest progressive degeneration in 28 patients with Charcot’s foot dislocations. Adjunctive procedures included tendo Achilles lengthening and application of an external bone stimulator. Advantages of using external fixation are that surgeries are usually performed percutaneously and that most patients are weightbearing in 10 to 14 days. There was no incidence of pin tract infection or further foot collapse, with the longest follow-up period being 24 months. The authors propose that use of external fixation with bone stimulation may be an effective alternative method of treating the Charcot foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(8): 429-436, 2002)