O’Neil R: “Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg,” in Sports Injury Management, ed by MK Anderson, SJ Hall, p 217, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1995..
Leach RE: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in sports. .Am J Sports Med 26::489. ,1998. .
Mader JT (ed): Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: A Committee Report: Revised 1989, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Bethesda, MD, 1989..
Jacobson JH, Morsch JCH, Rendell-Baker L: The historical perspective of hyperbaric therapy. .Ann N Y Acad Sci 117::651. ,1965. .
Tibbles PM, Edelsberg JS: Hyperbaric-oxygen therapy. .N Engl J Med 334::1642. ,1996. .
Potera C: Healing under pressure. .Physician Sportsmed 25::46. ,1995. .
Grim PS, Gottlieb LJ, Boddie A, et al: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. .JAMA 263::2216. ,1990. .
Sheridan RL, Shank ES: Hyperbaric oxygen treatment: a brief overview of a controversial topic. .J Trauma 47::426. ,1999. .
Persels JB: “Economic Aspects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy,” in Hyperbaric Medicine Practice, ed by EP Kindwall, p 96, Best Publishing Co, Flagstaff, AZ, 1995..
Hart GB: “The Monoplace Chamber,” in Hyperbaric Medicine Practice, ed by EP Kindwall, p 58, Best Publishing Co, Flagstaff, AZ, 1995..
Borromeo CN, Ryan JL, Marchetto PA, et al: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for acute ankle sprains. .Am J Sports Med 25::619. ,1997. .
Staples J: The Effects of Intermittent HBO on Pain Perception and Eccentric Strength in a Human Injury Model [dissertation], University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1996..
Horn PC, Webster DA, Amin HM, et al: The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on medial collateral ligament healing in a rat model. .Clin Orthop 360::238. ,1999. .
Burkitt HG, Young B, Heath JW: Wheater’s Functional Histology, 3rd Ed, Churchill Livingstone, London, 1993..
Hunt TK, Niinikoski J, Zederfeldt J, et al: “Oxygen in Wound Healing Enhancement: Cellular Effects of Oxygen,” in Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, ed by JC Davis, TK Hunt, p 111, Undersea Medical Society, Bethesda, MD, 1977..
Youn BA: Oxygen and its role in wound healing. Available at: http://www.etcbiomedical.com/hbo_two.htm. Accessed June 1, 2001..
LaVan FB, Hunt TK: Oxygen and wound healing. .Clin Plast Surg 17::463. ,1990. .
Bassett BE, Bennett PB: “Introduction to the Physical and Physiological Bases of Hyperbaric Therapy,” in Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, ed by JC Davis, TK Hunt, p 11, Undersea Medical Society, Bethesda, MD, 1977..
Babul S, Rhodes EC: The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in sports medicine. .Sports Med 6::395. ,2000. .
Nylander G, Lewis D, Nordstrom H, et al: Reduction of postischemic edema with hyperbaric oxygen. .Plast Reconstr Surg 76::596. ,1985. .
Strauss MB, Hargens AR, Gershuni DH, et al: Reduction of skeletal muscle necrosis using intermittent HBO in a model compartment syndrome. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 65::656. ,1983. .
Zamboni WA, Roth AC, Russel RC, et al: Morphological analysis of microcirculation during perfusion of ischemic skeletal muscle and the effect of hyperbaric oxygen. .Plast Reconstr Surg 91::1110. ,1993. .
Delaney JS, Montgomery DL: How can hyperbaric oxygen contribute to treatment. ?Physician Sportsmed 29::77. ,2001. .
Hampson NB (ed): Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: 1999 Committee Report, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Kensington, MD, 1999..
Webster AL, Syrotuik DG, Bell GJ, et al: Exercise after acute hyperbaric oxygenation: is there an ergogenic effect. ?Undersea Hyperb Med 25::153. ,1998. .
McGavock JM, Lecomte JL, Delaney JS, et al: Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on aerobic performance in a normobaric environment. .Undersea Hyperb Med 26::219. ,1999. .
Clark JM, Fisher AM: “Oxygen Toxicity and Extension of Tolerance in Oxygen Therapy,” in Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, ed by JC Davis, TK Hunt, p 61, Undersea Medical Society, Bethesda, MD, 1977..
Cramer G: Problems associated with use of the hyperbaric chamber in sports. Available at: http://mypage.direct.ca/g/gcramer/hyper.html. Accessed February 26, 2001..
Hill RK: Is more better? a comparison of different clinical hyperbaric treatment pressures: a preliminary report [abstract]. .Undersea Hyperb Med 20::12. ,1993. .
Clark JM, Gelfand R, Stevens WL, et al: Pulmonary function in men after oxygen breathing at 3.0 atmospheres for 3.5 hours. .J Appl Physiol 71::878. ,1991. .
Perlman M: “Chronic Ankle Conditions,” in Comprehensive Textbook of Foot Surgery, Vol 1, ed by ED McGlamry, AS Banks, MS Downey, p 989, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1992..
Best TM, McCabe RP, Corr DT, et al: Evaluation of a new method to create a standardized muscle stretch injury. .Med Sci Sports Exerc 30::200. ,1998. .
Ross M: Delayed-onset muscle soreness: work out now, pay later? Available at: http://www.physsportsmed.com/issues/1999/01_99/muscle.htm. Accessed February 26, 2001..
Mekjavic IB, Exner JA, Tesch PA, et al: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy does not affect recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness. .Med Sci Sports Exerc 32::558. ,2000. .
Harrison BC, Robinson D, Davison B, et al: Treatment of exercise induced muscle injury via hyperbaric oxygen therapy. .Med Sci Sports Exerc 33::36. ,2001. .
James PB, Scott B, Allen MW: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in sports injuries. .Physiotherapy 79::571. ,1993. .
Best TM, Loitz-Ramage B, Corr DT, et al: Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of acute muscle stretch injuries. .Am J Sports Med 26::367. ,1998. .
Soolsma S: The Effects of Intermittent Hyperbaric Oxygen on Short Term Recovery from Grade II Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries [dissertation], University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1996..
Lower-extremity injuries have become increasingly common as sports performance demands have risen. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is one method used to return athletes to competition as quickly as possible, but it has received criticism and lacks support. This review examines the literature on hyperbaric oxygen therapy and soft-tissue sports injuries. In the various studies, the location of the injury seemed to influence the effectiveness of treatment. Injuries at areas of reduced perfusion such as muscle–tendon junctions and ligaments seemed to benefit more from hyperbaric oxygen treatment than injuries at the muscle belly. Differences in the magnitude of the injury and in the time between injury and treatment may also affect outcomes. The authors sought to explore these variables as they relate to soft-tissue sports injuries and to weigh the benefits of hyperbaric oxygen therapy against its potential risks and high cost. More randomized controlled clinical trials with larger sample sizes must be conducted before hyperbaric oxygen can be established as a safe adjunctive therapy for soft-tissue sports injuries. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(4): 298-306, 2003)