Advertisement
-
1
Yendamuri S, Fulda GJ, Tinkoff GH: Admission hyperglycemia as a prognostic indicator in trauma. .J Trauma 55::33. ,2003. .
-
2
Foo K, Cooper J, Deaner A, et al: A single serum glucose measurement predicts adverse outcomes across the whole range of acute coronary syndromes. .Heart 89::512. ,2003. .
-
3
Williams LS, Rotich J, Qi R, et al: Effects of admission hyperglycemia on mortality and costs in acute ischemic stroke. .Neurology 59::67. ,2002. .
-
4
Golden SH, Peart-Vigilance C, Kao WH, et al: Perioperative glycemic control and the risk of infectious complications in a cohort of adults with diabetes. .Diabetes Care 22::1408. ,1999. .
-
5
Bagdade JD, Stewart M, Walters E: Impaired granulocyte adherence: a reversible defect in host defense in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. .Diabetes 27:: 677. ,1978. .
-
6
Mowat A, Baum J: Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with diabetes mellitus. .N Engl J Med 284::621. ,1971. .
-
7
Tan JS, Anderson JL, Watanakunakorn C, et al: Neutrophil dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. .J Lab Clin Med 85::26. ,1975. .
-
8
Hill H, Sauls HS, Dettloff JL, et al: Impaired leukotactic responsiveness in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. .Clin Immunol Immunopathol 2::395. ,1974. .
-
9
McMurphy JF: Wound healing with diabetes mellitus. .Surg Clin North Am 64::769. ,1984. .
-
10
Malmberg K, Ryden L, Efendic S, et al: Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. .J Am Coll Cardiol 26::57. ,1995. .
-
11
Van Den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. .N Engl J Med 345::1359. ,2001. .
-
12
Graber AL, McDonald T: Newly identified hyperglycemia among hospitalized patients. .South Med J 93:: 1070. ,2000. .
-
13
Queale WS, Seidler AJ, Brancati FL: Glycemic control and sliding scale insulin use in medical inpatients with diabetes mellitus. .Arch Intern Med 157::545. ,1997. .
-
14
Roman SH, Chassin MR: Windows of opportunity to improve diabetes care when patients with diabetes are hospitalized for other conditions. .Diabetes Care 24:: 1371. ,2001. .
-
15
Levetan C: Controlling hyperglycemia in the hospital: a matter of life and death. .Clin Diabetes 18::1. ,2000. .
-
16
Norhammar A, Tenerz A, Nilsson G, et al: Glucose metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. .Lancet 359::2140. ,2002. .
-
17
Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al: Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. .BMJ 321::405. ,2000. .
-
18
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al: The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy: III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. .Arch Ophthalmol 102:: 527. ,1984. .
-
19
Belfiglio M, De Berardis G, Franciosi M, et al: The relationship between physicians’ self-reported target fasting blood glucose levels and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes: the QuED Study Group—quality of care and outcomes in type 2 diabetes. .Diabetes Care 24::423. ,2001. .
-
20
Kenny SJ, Aubert RE, Geiss LS: “Prevalence and Incidence of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes,” in Diabetes in America, 2nd Ed, by National Diabetes Data Group, ed by MI Harris, CC Cowie, MP Stern, et al, p 47, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH Publication No. 95-1468, Washington, DC, 1995..
-
21
Chinn S, Rona RJ: Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in three cross sectional studies of British children, 1974-94. .BMJ 322::24. ,2001. .
-
22
Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, et al: The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. .JAMA 286::1195. ,2001. .
-
23
Hirsch IB, Paauw DS, Brunzell J: Inpatient management of adults with diabetes. .Diabetes Care 18::870. ,1995. .
-
24
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive therapy of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. .N Engl J Med 329::977. ,1993. .
-
25
Lewandrowski E, MacMillan D, Misiano D, et al: Process improvement for bedside capillary glucose testing in a large academic medical center: the impact of new technology on point-of-care testing. .Clin Chim Acta 307:: 175. ,2001. .
-
26
Morningstar BA, Sketris IS, Kephart GC, et al: Trends in oral antihyperglycemic and insulin use in the Nova Scotia senior population (1993-1999). .Can J Clin Pharmacol 9::123. ,2002. .
-
27
Chan TY: Drug-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: causes, diagnosis and management. .Drugs Aging 11::27. ,1997. .
-
28
Kadowaki T, Hagura R, Kajinuma H, et al: Chlorpropamide-induced hyponatremia: incidence and risk factors. .Diabetes Care 6::468. ,1983. .
-
29
Leibel B: An analysis of the University Group Diabetes Study Program: data results and conclusions. .CMAJ 105::292. ,1971. .
-
30
Schor S: The University Group Diabetes Program: a statistician looks at the mortality results. .JAMA 217:: 1671. ,1971. .
-
31
Melander A, Wahlin-Boll E: Clinical pharmacology of glipizide. .Am J Med 75::41. ,1983. .
-
32
Landgraf R: Meglitinide analogues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. .Drugs Aging 17::411. ,2000. .
-
33
Bakkali-Nadi A, Malaisse-Lagae F, Malaisse WJ: Insulin-otropic action of meglitinide analogs: concentration-response relationship and nutrient dependency. .Diabetes Res 27::81. ,1994. .
-
34
Luna B, Hughes AT, Feinglos MN: The use of insulin secretagogues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. .Prim Care 26::895. ,1999. .
-
35
Inzucchi SE, Maggs DG, Spollett GR, et al: Efficacy and metabolic effects of metformin and troglitazone in type II diabetes mellitus. .N Engl J Med 338::867. ,1998. .
-
36
Tang WH, Francis GS, Hoogwerf BJ, et al: Fluid retention after initiation of thiazolidinedione therapy in diabetic patients with established chronic heart failure. .J Am Coll Cardiol 41::1394. ,2003. .
-
37
Hundal RS, Krssak M, Dufour S, et al: Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes. .Diabetes 49::2063. ,2000. .
-
38
Luft D, Schmulling RM, Eggstein M: Lactic acidosis in biguanide-treated diabetics: a review of 330 cases. .Diabetologia 14::75. ,1978. .
-
39
Glucophage [package insert], Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, NJ, April 2003..
-
40
Abbasi AA, Kasmikha R, Sotingeanu DG: Metformin-induced lacticacidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. .Endocr Pract 6::442. ,2000. .
-
41
Fisman EZ, Tenenbaum A, Benderly M, et al: Antihyperglycemic treatment in diabetics with coronary disease: increased metformin-associated mortality over a 5-year follow-up. .Cardiology 91::195. ,1999. .
-
42
Calabrese AT, Coley KC, DaPos SV, et al: Evaluation of prescribing practices: risk of lactic acidosis with metformin therapy. .Arch Intern Med 162::434. ,2002. .
-
43
Emslie-Smith AM, Boyle DI, Evans JM, et al: Contraindications to metformin therapy in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a population-based study of adherence to prescribing guidelines. .Diabet Med 18::483. ,2001. .
-
44
Humalog [prescribing information], Eli Lilly and Co, Indianapolis, August 2000..
-
45
Lantus [prescribing information], Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Kansas City, MO, May 2003..
-
46
Hamann A, Matthaei S, Rosak C, et al: A randomized clinical trial comparing breakfast, dinner, or bedtime administration of insulin glargine in patients with type 1 diabetes. .Diabetes Care 26::1738. ,2003. .
-
47
Summary of Information Submitted to Medmarx in the Year 2001: A Human Factors Approach to Medication Errors, Medmarx, Rockville, MD, December 4, 2002..
-
48
Schutta MH: Reducing mistakes in patient administration of glargine and lispro. .Diabetes Care 25::1098. ,2000. .
-
49
Adlersberg MA, Fernando S, Spollett GR, et al: Glargine and Lispro: two cases of mistaken identity. .Diabetes Care 25::404. ,2002. .
-
50
Phillips W, Lando H: Insulin confusion: an observation. .Diabetes Care 25::1103. ,2002. .
-
51
Clement S, Bowen-Wright H: Twenty-four hour action of insulin glargine (Lantus) may be too short for once-daily dosing: a case report. .Diabetes Care 25::1479. ,2002. .
Management of Hyperglycemia in the Hospitalized Podiatric Medical Patient
Search for other papers by Michael David Hein in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
With the growing prevalence worldwide of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia, hospital-based health-care professionals will encounter patients with these conditions with increasing frequency. It is well known that long-term control of blood glucose reduces the rate and severity of complications in patients with diabetes, but there is also mounting evidence that even short-term glycemic control in hospitalized diabetic patients can significantly lower morbidity and mortality in many areas, from nosocomial infection to postoperative course. The results of traditional approaches to controlling blood glucose in hospitalized patients have been disappointing owing to a variety of factors, including the use of oral agents that are difficult or dangerous to use in inpatients, older insulin preparations with unphysiologic modes of action, and even provider reluctance to accept glycemic control as an essential element of the care of the diabetic hospitalized patient. This article provides guidelines for the effective management of hyperglycemia in these patients throughout the hospital stay, with specific recommendations for the perioperative, operative, and postoperative periods. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 135-148, 2004)
