advertising
-
1
Schiodt F, Atillasoy E, Shakil A, et al: Etiology and outcome for 295 patients with acute liver failure in the United States. .Liver Transpl Surg 5::29. ,1999. .
-
2
Margolis H, Alter M, Hadler S: Hepatitis B: evolving epidemiology and implications for control. .Semin Liver Dis 11::84. ,1991. .
-
3
Seeff LB, Beebe GW, Hoofnagle JH, et al: A serological follow-up of the 1942 epidemic of post-vaccination hepatitis in the United States Army. .N Engl J Med 316:: 965. ,1987. .
-
4
Fattovich G, Brollo L, Giustina G, et al: Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B. .Gut 32::294. ,1991. .
-
5
Di Bisceglie AM, Fong TL, Fried MW, et al: A randomized controlled trial of recombinant interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B. .Am J Gastroenterol 88:: 1887. ,1993. .
-
6
Dienstag J, Schiff E, Wright T, et al: Lamivudine as initial treatment of chronic hepatitis B in the United States. .N Engl J Med 341::256. ,1999. .
-
7
Choo QL, Kuo G, Overby LR, et al: Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. .Science 244::359. ,1989. .
-
8
Kuo G, Choo KL, Alter HJ, et al: An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis virus. .Science 244::362. ,1989. .
-
9
Alter MJ: Epidemiology of hepatitis C. .Hepatology 26:: 635. ,1997. .
-
10
Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Naenan O, et al: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus in the United States, 1988 through 1994. .N Engl J Med 341::556. ,1999. .
-
11
Amavoso P, Rapicetta M, Tosti ME, et al: Correlation between virus genotype and chronicity rate in acute hepatitis C. .J Hepatol 28::993. ,1998. .
-
12
Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, et al: Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. .N Engl J Med 347::975. ,2002. .
-
13
Hoofnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM: The treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. .N Engl J Med 336::447. ,1997. .
-
14
Zeuzem S, Feinman SV, Rasenack J, et al: Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C. .N Engl J Med 343::1666. ,2000. .
-
15
Poynard T, Marcellin P, Lee S, et al: Randomised trial of interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon alfa-2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. .Lancet 352::1426. ,1998. .
-
16
Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, et al: Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. .Lancet 358::958. ,2001. .
-
17
Desmet VJ, Gerber M, Hoofnagle JH, et al: Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging. .Hepatology 19::1513. ,1994. .
Evaluation of Common Liver Problems
Search for other papers by Alyn L. Adrain in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hemchand Ramberan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Gayle J. Weaver in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Diseases of the liver and abnormalities of liver enzyme levels are among the most common reasons for gastroenterology consultation for surgical patients. Although the differential diagnosis of liver disease is exceedingly broad, the majority of patients will have one of several common disorders. A familiarity with the major disorders affecting the liver and the approach to patients with liver disease is therefore useful for clinicians from all disciplines. This article reviews common liver diseases, including the viral hepatitides; the interpretation of liver enzyme abnormalities; and the relationship between common medications and liver disease. Although an exhaustive knowledge of hepatology is impractical for most clinicians, a practical approach to common liver diseases is a necessity for all. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 149-156, 2004)
advertising
