Davidson AM, Steele HD, MacKenzie DA, et al: A review of twenty-one cases of transchondral fracture of the talus. .J Trauma 7::378. ,1967. .
Flick AB, Gould N: Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus (transchondral fractures of the talus): review of the literature and new surgical approach for medial dome lesions. .Foot Ankle 5::165. ,1985. .
Mendicino RW, Lee MS, Grossman JP, et al: Oblique medial malleolar osteotomy for the management of talar dome lesions. .J Foot Ankle Surg 37::516. ,1998. .
O’Farrell TA, Costello BG: Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: the late results of surgical treatment. .J Bone Joint Surg Br 64::494. ,1982. .
Ray RB, Coughlin EJ: Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus. .J Bone Joint Surg 29::697. ,1947. .
Spatt JF, Frank NG, Fox IM: Transchondral fractures of the dome of the talus. .J Foot Surg 25::68. ,1986. .
Wallen EA, Fallat LM: Cresentric transmalleolar osteotomy for optimal exposure of the medial talar dome. .J Foot Surg 28::389. ,1989. .
Schuman L, Struijs A, van Dijk N: Arthroscopic treatment for osteochondral defects of the talus. .J Bone Joint Surg Br 84::364. ,2002. .
Baker CL, Morales RW: Arthroscopic treatment of transchondral talar dome fractures: a long-term follow-up study. .Arthroscopy 15::197. ,1999. .
Berndt AL, Harty M: Transchondral fractures of the talus. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 41::988. ,1959. .
Parisien JS: Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus. .Am J Sports Med 14::211. ,1986. .
Pritsch M, Horoshovski H, Farine I: Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 68::862. ,1986. .
Vanbuecken K, Barrack RL, Alexander AH, et al: Arthroscopic treatment of transchondral talar dome fractures. .Am J Sports Med 17::350. ,1989. .
Ferkel RD: “Articular Surface Defects, Loose Bodies, and Osteophytes,” in Arthroscopic Surgery: The Foot and Ankle, ed by RD Ferkel, TL Whipple, p 291, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. ,1996. .
Guhl J: “Surgical Technique,” in Ankle Arthroscopy: Pathology and Surgical Techniques, p 95, Slack, Thorofare, NJ. ,1988. .
Loomer R, Fischer C, Lloyd-Smith R, et al: Osteochondral lesions of the talus. .Am J Sports Med 21::13. ,1993. .
Alexander H, Lichtman D: Surgical treatment of transchondral talar dome fractures (osteochondritis dissecans). .J Bone Joint Surg Am 62::646. ,1980. .
Baker CL, Andrews JF, Ryan JB: Arthroscopic treatment of transchondral talar dome fractures. .Arthroscopy 2::82. ,1986. .
Bryant DD, Siegel MG: Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: a new technique for arthroscopic drilling. .Arthroscopy 9::238. ,1993. .
Chin TW, Mitra AK, Lim GH: Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus. .Ann Acad Med Singapore 25::236. ,1996. .
Lahm A, Erggelet C, Steinwachs M, et al: Arthroscopic management of osteochondral lesions of the talus: results of drilling and usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging before and after treatment. .Arthroscopy 16::299. ,2000. .
Martin DF, Baker CL, Curl WW, et al: Operative ankle arthroscopy: long-term followup. .Am J Sports Med 17::16. ,1989. .
Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Sarrosa EA: Arthroscopic treatment of post-traumatic cysts of the talus. .Arthroscopy 16::197. ,2000. .
Stetson WB, Ferkel RD: Ankle arthroscopy: II. Indications and results. .J Am Acad Orthop Surg 4::24. ,1996. .
Drez D, Guhl J, Gollehon DL: Ankle arthroscopy: approaches and technique. .Orthopedics 6::1150. ,1983. .
Hunter W: On the structure and diseases of articulating cartilage. .Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 24::514. ,1743. .
Hunziker EB, Rosenberg LC: Repair of partial-thickness defects in articular cartilage: cell recruitment from the synovial membrane. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 78::721. ,1996. .
Parisien JS, Vangsness T, Feldman R: Diagnostic and operative arthroscopy of the ankle: an experimental approach. .Clin Orthop Relat Res 224::228. ,1987. .
Kim HK, Moran ME, Salter RB: The potential for regeneration of articular cartilage in defects created by chondral shaving and subchondral abrasion. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 73::1301. ,1991. .
Hunziker EB: Biologic repair of articular cartilage: defect models in experimental animals and matrix requirements. .Clin Orthop Relat Res 367: (suppl):S135. ,1999. .
Mankin HJ: The reaction of articular cartilage to injury and osteoarthritis. .N Engl J Med 291::1285. ,1974. .
Minas T, Nehrer S: Current concepts in the treatment of articular cartilage defects. .Orthopedics 20::525. ,1997. .
Shapiro F, Koide S, Glimcher MJ: Cell origin and differentiation in the repair of full thickness defects of articular cartilage. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 75::532. ,1993. .
Toth AP, Easley ME: Ankle chondral injuries and repair. .Foot Ankle Clin 5::799. ,2000. .
Altman RD, Kates J, Chun LE, et al: Preliminary observations of chondral abrasion in a canine model. .Ann Rheum Dis 51::1056. ,1992. .
Byers P, Conteponti C, Farakas T: A post-mortem study of the hip joint. .Ann Rheum Dis 29::15. ,1970. .
Bobic V: Arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a preliminary clinical study. .Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 3::262. ,1996. .
Matsusue Y, Yamamuro T: Case report: arthroscopic multiple osteochondral transplantation of the chondral defect in the knee associated with anterior cruciate ligament disruption. .Arthroscopy 9::318. ,1999. .
Outerbridge HK, Outerbridge AR: The use of a lateral patellar autologous graft for the repair of a large osteochondral defect in the knee. .J Bone Joint Surg Am 77::65. ,1995. .
Hangody L, Kish G, Karpati Z, et al: Treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: use of the mosaicplasty technique: a preliminary report. .Foot Ankle Int 18::628. ,1997. .
Feiwell L, Frey C: Anatomic study of arthroscopic portal sites of the ankle. .Foot Ankle Int 14::142. ,1993. .
Ferkel RD, Sgaglione NA, DelPizzo W, et al: Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus: technique and results. .Orthop Trans 14::172. ,1990. .
Frank A, Cohen P, Beutils P, et al: Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talar dome. .Arthroscopy 5::57. ,1989. .
McCullough CJ, Venugopal V: Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: the natural history. .Clin Orthop Relat Res 144::264. ,1979. .
Saito A, Kikuchi S: Anatomic relations between ankle arthroscopic portal sites and the superficial peroneal and saphenous nerves. .Foot Ankle Int 19::748. ,1998. .
Shea MP, Manoli A: Osteochondral lesions of the talar dome. .Foot Ankle 14::48. ,1993. .
Surgical treatment of posteromedial talar dome lesions is frequently necessary for Berndt and Harty grade IV osteochondral defects and nondisplaced osteochondral fragments resistant to conservative modalities. When operative intervention is indicated, the approach and management can be complicated by the location and extent of the injury. The operative technique we advocate allows direct exposure of the lesion and minimizes damage to healthy articular cartilage and surrounding soft tissue. Use of a drill guide assists the surgeon in precisely placing a transmalleolar portal through the tibia for subchondral drilling of osteochondral defects when the lesions are inaccessible through traditional arthroscopic portals. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(3): 260–263, 2006)