advertising
-
1
Palumbo PJ, Melton L: “Peripheral Vascular Disease and Diabetes,” in Diabetes in America, p 401, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. ,1985. .
-
2
Leibson CL, Ransom JE, Olson W, et al: Peripheral arterial disease, diabetes, and mortality. .Diabetes Care 27::2843. ,2004. .
-
3
Hooi JD, Kester AD, Stoffers HE, et al: Incidence of and risk factors for asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a longitudinal study. .Am J Epidemiol 153::666. ,2001. .
-
4
Palumbo PJ, O’Fallon M, Osmundson PJ, et al: Progression of peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetes mellitus. .Arch Intern Med 151::717. ,1991. .
-
5
Rendell M, Bamisedun O: Diabetic cutaneous microangiopathy. .Am J Med 93::611. ,1992. .
-
6
Ngo BT, Hayes KD, DiMiao DJ, et al: Manifestations of cutaneous diabetic microangiopathy. .Am J Clin Dermatol 6::225. ,2005. .
-
7
Kasalova Z, Prazny M, Skrha J: Relationship between peripheral diabetic neuropathy and microvascular reactivity in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: neuropathy and microcirculation in diabetes. .Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 114::52. ,2006. .
-
8
Lahoz C, Mostaza JM: Atherosclerosis as a systemic disease. .Rev Esp Cardiol 60::184. ,2007. .
-
9
Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Volteas N, et al: Skin flow the venoarteriolar response and capillary filtration in diabetics: a 3-year follow-up. .Angiology 43::490. ,1992. .
-
10
Rayman G, Hassan A, Tooke JE: Blood flow in the skin of the foot related to posture in diabetes mellitus. .Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 292::87. ,1986. .
-
11
Delbridge L, Appleberg M, Reeve TS: Factors associated with development of foot lesions in the diabetic. .Surgery 93::78. ,1983. .
-
12
Melton LJ 3rd, Dyck PJ, Karnes JL, et al: Non-response bias in studies of diabetic complications: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. .J Clin Epidemiol 46::341. ,1993. .
-
13
Dyck PJ, Melton LJ 3rd, O’Brien PC, et al: Approaches to improve epidemiological studies of diabetic neuropathy: insights from the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. .Diabetes 46: (suppl 2):S5. ,1997. .
-
14
Maggiore P, Echols RM: “Infections in the Diabetic Foot,” Disorders of the Foot & Ankle: Medical & Surgical Management, 2nd Ed, p 1937, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. ,1991. .
-
15
Foss NT, Polon DP, Takada MH, et al: Skin lesions in diabetic patients [in Portuguese]. .Rev Saude Publica 39::677. ,2005. .
-
16
Gupta AK, Konnikov N, MacDonald P, et al: Prevalence and epidemiology of toenail onychomycosis in diabetic subjects: a multicentre survey. .Br J Dermatol 139::665. ,1998. .
-
17
Sinnreich M, Taylor BV, Dyck PJ: Diabetic neuropathies: classification, clinical features, and pathophysiological basis. .Neurologist 11::63. ,2005. .
-
18
Horowitz HS: Diabetic neuropathy. .Clin Orthop 296::78. ,1993. .
-
19
Low PA, Lagerlund TD, McManis PG: Nerve blood flow and oxygen delivery in normal, diabetic, and ischemic neuropathy. .Int Rev Neurobiol 31::355. ,1989. .
-
20
Guyton GP, Saltzman CL: The diabetic foot: basic mechanisms of disease. .Instr Course Lect 51::169. ,2002. .
-
21
Said G: Diabetic neuropathy: a review. .Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3::331. ,2007. .
-
22
Nube VL, Molyneaux L, Yue DK: Biomechanical risk factors associated with neuropathic ulceration of the hallux in people with diabetes mellitus. .JAPMA 96::189. ,2006. .
-
23
Praet SF, Louwerens JW: The influence of shoe design on plantar pressures in neuropathic feet. .Diabetes Care 26::441. ,2003. .
-
24
Uccioli L, Caselli A, Giacomozzi C, et al: Pattern of abnormal tangential forces in the diabetic neuropathic foot. .Clin Biomech 16::446. ,2001. .
-
25
Wong MC, Chung JW, Wong TK: Effects of treatments for symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: systematic review. .BMJ 14::335. ,2007. .
-
26
Wagner FM: “Surgery of the Diabetic Foot,” in Surgery of the Musculoskeletal System, ed by MC Evarts, p 189, WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia. ,1990. .
-
27
Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL, et al: The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. .Neurology 43::817. ,1993. .
-
28
Bailey CC, Root HF: Neuropathic lesions in diabetes mellitus. .N Engl J Med 236::397. ,1947. .
-
29
Giurato L, Uccioli L: The diabetic foot: Charcot joint and osteomyelitis. .Nucl Med Commun 27::745. ,2006. .
-
30
Sanders LJ: The Charcot foot: historical perspective 1827–2003. .Diabetes Metab Res Rev 20::S4. ,2004. .
-
31
Armstrong DG, Todd WF, Lavery LA, et al: The natural history of acute Charcot’s arthropathy in a diabetic foot speciality clinic. .Diabet Med 14::357. ,1997. .
-
32
Jeffcoate WJ: Abnormalities of vasomotor regulation in the pathogenesis of the acute Charcot foot of diabetes mellitus. .Int J Low Extrem Wounds 4::133. ,2005. .
-
33
Harrelson JM: Management of the diabetic foot. .Orthop Clin North Am 20::605. ,1989. .
-
34
Pirart J: Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: a prospective study of 4400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973. .Diabetes Care 1::168. ,1978. .
-
35
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. .N Engl J Med 329::977. ,1993. .
-
36
Martin CL, Albers J, Herman WH, et al: DCCT/EDIC Research Group: Neuropathy among the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial cohort 8 years after trial completion. .Diabetes Care 29::340. ,2006. .
-
37
Said G, Bigo A, Ameri A, et al: Uncommon early onset neuropathy in diabetic patients. .J Neurol 245::61. ,1998. .
-
38
Said G: Diabetic neuropathy. .Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3::331. ,2007. .
-
39
International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot: International Consensus on the Diabetic Foot, International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, Maastricht, the Netherlands. ,1999. .
Preclinical Symptoms of the Diabetic Foot
Search for other papers by Halil I. Bekler in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Aytug Ertav in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Background: The diabetic foot is one of the main complications of diabetes mellitus, with a high risk of minor or major amputation. The preclinical foot lesions of patients without foot complaints were compared with healthy controls and analyzed.
Methods: This study was conducted with 89 diabetic patients from an endocrinology clinic and 35 nondiabetic control patients. The patients were asked about the presence, types, and durations of pedal complaints; acquired and congenital foot deformities; and atrophy. Patient gaits were inspected for any swelling; skin and nail changes were also recorded. Ranges of articular motion, deformities, crepitations, and any painful perceptions were noted.
Results: The differences between groups were significant for sensorial defects, joint changes of the foot, nail abnormalities, and neuropathic changes.
Conclusions: Every patient with an established diagnosis of diabetes can be considered a potential sufferer of diabetic foot for whom medical therapy and foot protection programs are indicated. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(2): 114–120, 2009)
advertising
